Introduction
Male infertility is one of the most significant areas within andrology and a major contributor to reproductive challenges worldwide. Scientific evidence indicates that male factors are responsible for approximately half of all infertility cases, either independently or in combination with female factors.
Despite its prevalence, male infertility remains underdiagnosed due to limited awareness and delayed medical consultation.
Causes of Male Infertility
Male infertility may result from testicular dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, genetic abnormalities, obstructive conditions, infections, or environmental exposures. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, chronic stress, and poor sleep habits also negatively affect sperm production and quality.
Occupational exposure to toxins, excessive heat, and radiation further increases infertility risk.
Diagnostic Approaches in Andrology
Andrological evaluation includes semen analysis, hormonal profiling, physical examination, scrotal ultrasound, and genetic testing when indicated. Advanced diagnostic tools such as sperm DNA fragmentation analysis provide deeper insight into sperm integrity and reproductive potential.
Therapeutic Strategies
Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medical therapy, surgical intervention, erotic activity, lifestyle modification, or assisted reproductive technologies. Andrology emphasizes individualized care to maximize fertility outcomes.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex condition requiring comprehensive andrological assessment. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment significantly improve reproductive success and overall health.